Polyphenols represent a highly abundant group of plant-derived natural compounds, characterized by remarkable structural diversity and potent antioxidant activity. Based on their chemical structures, polyphenols are broadly categorized into flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, tannins and lignans. Among these polyphenolic groups, tannins stand out for their large and complex polyphenolic frameworks and strong metal-chelating abilities. Tannic acid, a well-known hydrolyzable tannin, is one of the most extensively utilized polyphenols because of its dense phenolic composition, strong metal-chelating ability and capacity to form diverse non-covalent interactions. This review highlights recent advancements and applications of tannic acid-based micro- and nano-formulations, with particular emphasis on their roles in emulsion stabilization, enhancement of UV-barrier properties and food safety sensor applications.

The main purpose of structural health monitoring (SHM) is to detect damage at its earliest possible stage to prevent severe deterioration and reduce subsequent repair costs. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) buckypaper (BP) was embedded into different cross-ply glass fibre composites to monitor the curing process and impact damage as an in situ sensor in this research. BP sensor can capture the four stages of the curing process, the gel point of the resin and residual stresses of the composite structure can be achieved by analysing the change of the resistance curve. Numerical and experimental analyses were performed to predict the damage in composite structures subjected to low-velocity impact. BP sensors’ electrical resistance increases with repeated impact loading; composite structure elastic deformation and damage evolution can be identified from resistance change. Experiment results show that structure monitoring based on the BP sensors cannot only detect small, barely visible impact damage flaws and the damage evaluation of composite structures subjected to impact, but also provide a new method to monitor the curing process through the analysis of results. This work makes some constructive contributions to monitoring the manufacturing process of composites and long-term SHM to evaluate impact resistance and damage prediction of composite structures.

Polymer nanocomposites are drawing considerable interest in electrical energy storage research owing to their distinctive characteristics and promising roles in various devices, such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. This review examines the selection criteria of polymer nanocomposites for electrical energy storage applications and the current advancements in developing and producing polymer nanocomposites specifically tailored for electrical energy storage applications. Key topics covered include the selection of polymer matrices, choice of nanofillers, fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and performance evaluation of the resulting nanocomposites. The impact of nanofiller dispersion, interface engineering, and morphology control on electrical storage properties is emphasized. Proper dispersion enhances uniformity and interfacial interactions, improving electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Interface engineering boosts polymer-nanofiller compatibility, while morphology control optimizes nanofiller structure and arrangement for better storage efficiency. Emerging trends, challenges, and future research directions are also discussed, providing insights for developing advanced polymer nanocomposites with improved electrical energy storage capabilities.